Assyria

State · 1,800–901 BCE · at its largest around 1,220 BCE

Mesopotamian kingdom centred on the city of Ashur on the Tigris, which grew from a trading city-state into a major regional power in the Middle Assyrian period.

On its lands while it lasted

Eridu (c. 5,400–600 BCE): Regarded by the Sumerians as the first city; its temple to the god Enki was rebuilt many times from the Ubaid period onward.
Uruk (c. 5,000 BCE – c. 700 CE): Sumerian city on the Euphrates that by about 3100 BCE was probably the largest city in the world, centre of the first urban civilization.
Assur (2,500–609 BCE): Capital of Assyria (1800 BCE–901 BCE), Neo-Assyrian Empire (900 BCE–609 BCE).
Babylon (2,201 BCE – 1 CE): Capital of Babylonia (1800 BCE–601 BCE), Neo-Babylonian Empire (600 BCE–539 BCE), Achaemenid Empire (550 BCE–330 BCE).
Carchemish (1,901–901 BCE): Capital of Assyria (1800 BCE–901 BCE).
Hammurabi (c. 1,810 BCE – 1,750 BCE): Sixth king of the First Babylonian dynasty (r. 1792–1750 BCE), he conquered much of Mesopotamia and issued one of the best-known ancient law codes.
Harran (c. 1,800 BCE): Capital of Assyria (1800 BCE–901 BCE), Umayyad Caliphate (744–750).
Nimrud (c. 1,800–612 BCE): Capital of Assyria (1800 BCE–901 BCE).
Nineveh (c. 1,800–612 BCE): Capital of Assyria (1800 BCE–901 BCE).
Dur-Sharrukin (c. 1,800–605 BCE): Capital of Assyria (1800 BCE–901 BCE).
Tell Leilan (c. 1,800–901 BCE): Capital of Assyria (1800 BCE–901 BCE).
Plimpton 322 (c. 1,800 BCE): A Babylonian clay tablet listing numbers that correspond to Pythagorean triples, showing the sophistication of Old Babylonian sexagesimal mathematics.
Code of Hammurabi (c. 1,754 BCE): A Babylonian legal text of 282 laws inscribed on a basalt stele, known for its principle of proportional retribution; the stele was found at Susa in 1901.
Battle of Kadesh (1,274 BCE): Ramesses II fought the Hittite army of Muwatalli II near Kadesh on the Orontes, possibly the largest chariot battle ever fought; it ended without a decisive result.
Chogha Zanbil (c. 1,250 BCE): A ziggurat complex built by the Elamite king Untash-Napirisha, one of the best-preserved ziggurats in the world.