Austria-Hungary

State · 1868–1918 CE · at its largest around 1918 CE

A dual monarchy joining the Austrian Empire and the Kingdom of Hungary under the Habsburg emperor, dissolved after defeat in the First World War.

On its lands while it lasted

Gregor Mendel (1822 CE – 1884 CE): Augustinian friar and later abbot in Brno, Moravia, whose experiments on pea plants revealed the basic rules of heredity. His 1866 paper was largely ignored until its rediscovery in 1900.
Tanzimat reforms (1839–1876 CE): The Edict of Gülhane opened a period of Ottoman reforms that modernized the army, law and administration and proclaimed the equality of subjects of all religions.
Sigmund Freud (1856 CE – 1939 CE): Austrian neurologist in Vienna who founded psychoanalysis. His The Interpretation of Dreams appeared in 1899. He fled the Nazis to London in 1938.
Neuschwanstein Castle (1869 CE): Romantic hilltop castle in Bavaria built for King Ludwig II from 1869, a New Seven Wonders finalist.
Sofia (c. 1880 CE): Capital of Principality of Bulgaria (1880–1908), Kingdom of Bulgaria (1947–1947), People's Republic of Bulgaria (1948–1990), and 1 more.
Benito Mussolini (1883 CE – 1945 CE): Founder of Italian Fascism who ruled Italy as dictator from 1922 to 1943 and allied with Hitler. He was executed by Italian partisans in 1945.
Franz Kafka (1883 CE – 1924 CE): German-speaking Jewish writer from Prague whose unsettling works, such as The Metamorphosis and The Trial, influenced modern literature.
Josip Broz Tito (1892 CE – 1980 CE): Leader of the Yugoslav Partisans in World War II and ruler of socialist Yugoslavia from 1945 until his death, a founder of the Non-Aligned Movement.
Diesel engine (1893 CE): Rudolf Diesel patented his compression-ignition engine in 1893 and built the first prototype at the Maschinenfabrik Augsburg that year.
Marconi's wireless telegraphy (1895 CE): Guglielmo Marconi began experiments with wireless telegraphy at his family's villa near Bologna in 1895. In 1901 he received a transatlantic radio signal.
X-rays (1895 CE): Wilhelm Röntgen discovered X-rays at the University of Würzburg in November 1895. He won the first Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901.
The Kiss (Klimt) (c. 1908 CE): Gustav Klimt's gold-leaf painting of an embracing couple, completed in Vienna around 1908, is the best-known work of the Vienna Secession.
Franz Ferdinand assassinated (1914 CE): On 28 June 1914 Bosnian Serb Gavrilo Princip shot the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne and his wife in Sarajevo. The July Crisis that followed led to World War I.