Commonwealth of England

State · 1645–1661 CE · at its largest around 1653 CE

The republican regime that governed England, and later Scotland and Ireland, after the execution of Charles I, dominated by Oliver Cromwell as Lord Protector before the monarchy was restored in 1660.

On its lands while it lasted

• John Locke (1632 CE – 1704 CE): English philosopher and physician, a founder of empiricism and liberalism, whose Two Treatises of Government and Essay Concerning Human Understanding argued for natural rights, government by consent and knowledge from experience.
• English Civil War (1642–1651 CE): A series of wars between Royalists loyal to Charles I and Parliamentarians. Parliament won, the king was executed in 1649, and England briefly became a republic.
• Isaac Newton (1643 CE – 1727 CE): English mathematician and physicist at Cambridge who formulated the laws of motion and universal gravitation, co-invented calculus and advanced optics.
• Execution of Charles I (1649 CE): King Charles I was beheaded outside the Banqueting House in Whitehall, London, in January 1649 after being tried for treason by Parliament.

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