Cuzco

State · 1294–1439 CE · at its largest around 1294 CE

Inca kingdom centred on Cusco in the Peruvian Andes, which under Pachacuti began the expansion that created the Inca Empire.

On its lands while it lasted

Pachacuti (c. 1418 CE – 1472 CE): Ninth Sapa Inca who transformed the Kingdom of Cusco into an empire and rebuilt Cusco; Machu Picchu is thought to have been built as his estate.
Rise of the Inca Empire (1438–1533 CE): Under Pachacuti from 1438 the Inca expanded from Cusco to rule Tawantinsuyu, the largest empire of the pre-Columbian Americas, stretching along the Andes.
Inca road system (Qhapaq Ñan) (c. 1438–1533 CE): The Inca built a road network of some 40,000 km, whose main Andean spine ran from southern Colombia through Quito and Cusco to central Chile, with relay runners (chasquis), storehouses and suspension bridges.