Duchy of Burgundy

State · 1003–1481 CE · at its largest around 1475 CE

Duchy in eastern France whose Valois dukes built a rich state reaching into the Low Countries; it reverted to the French crown after Charles the Bold died in 1477.

On its lands while it lasted

Trier (16 BCE – 1618 CE): Capital of Electorate of Trier (1333–1618).
Dijon (c. 1003 CE): Capital of Duchy of Burgundy (1003–1477).
Nevers (c. 1010 CE): Capital of County of Nevers (1010–1520).
Troyes (c. 1125 CE): Capital of County of Champagne (1125–1200).
University of Paris (c. 1150 CE): Emerging around 1150 from the schools of Notre-Dame, the University of Paris became a leading centre of theology and philosophy in medieval Europe. Its college of the Sorbonne, founded in 1257, gave the university its popular name.
Notre-Dame de Paris (1163 CE): Gothic cathedral on the Île de la Cité, begun in 1163, famous for its flying buttresses, rose windows and sculpture.
Bern (1191 CE): Capital of Helvetic Republic (1799–1803), Swiss Confederation (1848–today).
Provins (c. 1200 CE): Capital of County of Champagne (1200–1284).
The Hague (1201 CE): Capital of County of Holland (1260–1362), Dutch Republic (1582–1795), Batavian Republic (1796–1806), and 1 more.
Arras (c. 1241 CE): Capital of County of Artois (1241–1332).
Amsterdam (1300 CE): Capital of Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands (1814–1814), Netherlands (1815–today).
Shroud of Turin (c. 1300 CE): A linen cloth bearing the faint image of a man, venerated by many as the burial shroud of Jesus. Radiocarbon dating in 1988 placed it between 1260 and 1390; first recorded at Lirey in France, it has been kept in Turin since 1578.
Great Famine of 1315–1317 (1315–1317 CE): Years of heavy rain and failed harvests caused mass starvation across northern Europe, killing millions.
Hundred Years' War (1337–1453 CE): Series of wars between England and France over the French throne, ending with England losing all its French lands except Calais.
Joan of Arc (c. 1412 CE – 1431 CE): French peasant girl who led French forces to lift the siege of Orléans; she was captured, tried for heresy and burned at Rouen.