Dutch Republic

State · 1582–1795 CE · at its largest around 1769 CE

The Republic of the Seven United Netherlands, a federation of provinces that won independence from Spain and became a leading commercial and maritime power during its seventeenth-century Golden Age.

Its battles, in Battle View

Battle of Blenheim (1704 CE)

On its lands while it lasted

Vijayanagara Empire (1336–1646 CE): South Indian empire founded by Harihara I and Bukka Raya I in 1336, a major patron of Hindu culture and temple architecture.
Ayutthaya (1351–1767 CE): Capital of the Siamese kingdom of Ayutthaya, founded in 1351, which became one of the largest and most cosmopolitan cities in Asia before it was destroyed by Burmese forces in 1767.
Ming dynasty (1368–1644 CE): Zhu Yuanzhang proclaimed the Ming dynasty at Nanjing and drove the Mongols from China.
Kingdom of Kongo (c. 1390–1914 CE): Central African kingdom with its capital at Mbanza Kongo; after Portuguese contact in 1483 its rulers adopted Christianity, and it later became deeply entangled in the Atlantic slave trade.
Joseon (1392–1897 CE): Dynasty founded by Yi Seong-gye with its capital at Hanseong (Seoul); it ruled Korea for five centuries.
Mughal Empire founded (1526–1857 CE): Empire founded by Babur that at its height ruled most of the Indian subcontinent, famed for its wealth, administration and architecture.
Akbar (1542 CE – 1605 CE): Third Mughal emperor, who expanded the empire across northern India and pursued religious tolerance and administrative reform.
Galileo Galilei (1564 CE – 1642 CE): Italian astronomer and physicist born in Pisa who pioneered experimental science and telescopic astronomy. Condemned by the Inquisition in 1633, he spent his last years under house arrest near Florence.
Manila galleon (western Pacific) (1565–1815 CE): For 250 years Spanish galleons sailed once or twice a year between Manila and Acapulco, exchanging Mexican silver for Chinese silk and porcelain; westbound ships called at Guam, and eastbound ships rode the westerlies across the North Pacific.
Johannes Kepler (1571 CE – 1630 CE): German astronomer and mathematician who, working in Prague with Tycho Brahe’s observations, found that planets move in ellipses and formulated his three laws of planetary motion.
Rembrandt (1606 CE – 1669 CE): Dutch painter and printmaker from Leiden who worked in Amsterdam. A master of light and shadow, he is considered the greatest artist of the Dutch Golden Age.
Aurangzeb (1618 CE – 1707 CE): Sixth Mughal emperor under whom the empire reached its greatest extent; his long Deccan wars strained its resources.
Thirty Years' War (1618–1648 CE): A series of wars fought mainly in the Holy Roman Empire from 1618 to 1648, involving most European powers. It devastated Germany, where millions died from fighting, famine and disease.
Batavia (1619 CE): Founded by Jan Pieterszoon Coen of the Dutch East India Company in 1619 on the ruins of Jayakarta; headquarters of Dutch Asia and now Jakarta.
Taj Mahal (1632 CE): White marble mausoleum at Agra built by Shah Jahan for his wife Mumtaz Mahal, begun in 1632; the most celebrated work of Mughal architecture.