Emirate of Diriyah

State · 1744–1819 CE · at its largest around 1811 CE

The first Saudi state, born from a pact between the ruler Muhammad ibn Saud and the preacher Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab, who called for a strict return to early Islam. Its mud-brick capital Diriyah, razed by Egyptian forces, is now a UNESCO World Heritage site.

On its lands while it lasted

Diriyah (c. 1744 CE): Capital of Emirate of Diriyah (1744–1818).
Pact of Diriyah (1744 CE): The preacher Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab allied with the local ruler Muhammad bin Saud in Diriyah, founding the first Saudi state and spreading his reform doctrine.
Riyadh (1746 CE): Capital of Emirate of Nejd (1824–1891), Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd (1926–1932), Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (1936–today).
Kuwait City (1752 CE): Capital of State of Kuwait (1961–1989), Kuwait (1991–today).