Emirate of Jabal Shammar

State · 1825–1921 CE · at its largest around 1895 CE

An emirate in northern Arabia ruled by the Al Rashid dynasty from Ha'il, a rival of the Al Saud that Ibn Saud conquered in 1921.

On its lands while it lasted

Ha'il (c. 1836 CE): Capital of Emirate of Jabal Shammar (1836–1921).
Unification of Saudi Arabia (1902–1932 CE): Ibn Saud recaptured Riyadh in 1902 and over three decades conquered most of the Arabian Peninsula, proclaiming the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1932.
Hejaz Railway (1908 CE): An Ottoman railway from Damascus to Medina opened in 1908 to carry pilgrims; attacked repeatedly during the Arab Revolt, its southern section was never restored.
Gertrude Bell’s journey to Ha’il (1913–1914 CE): The archaeologist and traveller Gertrude Bell crossed the Nafud desert to Ha’il, seat of the Rashidi emirate, where she was held for several days, then went on to Baghdad and back to Damascus. Her knowledge of Arabia later shaped British policy.
Arab Revolt (1916–1918 CE): Sharif Hussein of Mecca led an Arab uprising against Ottoman rule with British support; Arab forces took Aqaba in 1917 and entered Damascus in 1918.
Mecca (c. 1916 CE): Capital of Kingdom of Hejaz (1916–1925).