Federated Republic of Mexico

State · 1824–1865 CE · at its largest around 1824 CE

Mexico's early decades saw Santa Anna take the presidency eleven times and the loss of Texas and half the country to the United States. Benito Juárez's liberal Reform separated church and state before French intervention installed Emperor Maximilian.

On its lands while it lasted

Benito Juárez (1806 CE – 1872 CE): Zapotec lawyer from Oaxaca who became President of Mexico, led liberal reforms and resisted the French intervention.
Abraham Lincoln (1809 CE – 1865 CE): 16th President of the United States, who led the Union through the Civil War, issued the Emancipation Proclamation and was assassinated in 1865.
Austin (1835 CE): Capital of Republic of Texas (1839–1845).
Mark Twain (1835 CE – 1910 CE): American humorist and author of The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, set on the Mississippi River of his Hannibal boyhood.
Houston (1836 CE): Capital of Republic of Texas (1837–1839).
Battle of the Alamo (1836 CE): Mexican forces under Santa Anna overran the Alamo mission in San Antonio during the Texas Revolution, killing its defenders.
Washington-on-the-Brazos (c. 1836–1845 CE): Capital of Republic of Texas (1836–1845).
Trail of Tears (Cherokee removal) (1838–1839 CE): The United States forcibly removed the Cherokee Nation from its homeland in the Southeast to Indian Territory (Oklahoma); thousands died on the march, part of the wider removal of the Five Civilized Tribes.
Mexican–American War (1846–1848 CE): War in which the United States defeated Mexico and occupied Mexico City, forcing the cession of about half of Mexico's territory.
Sonoma (c. 1846 CE): Capital of California Republic (1846–1846).
Mormon exodus (1846–1847 CE): Driven from Nauvoo, Illinois, members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints led by Brigham Young crossed Iowa and the Great Plains to found Salt Lake City in July 1847.
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848 CE): Signed on 2 February 1848 at Guadalupe Hidalgo, north of Mexico City, the treaty ended the Mexican–American War. Mexico ceded about half of its territory, including California and much of the American Southwest, to the United States.
California Gold Rush (1848–1855 CE): Gold found at Sutter's Mill drew some 300,000 people to California, transforming its economy and devastating its Native peoples.