First Hellenic Republic

State · 1822–1940 CE · at its largest around 1920 CE

The provisional Greek state formed during the War of Independence against the Ottoman Empire, governed by Ioannis Kapodistrias from 1828.

On its lands while it lasted

Janissaries (c. 1363–1826 CE): Sultan Murad I created the Janissaries around 1363 as an elite Ottoman infantry corps, later filled through the devshirme levy of Christian boys. They grew into a powerful political force until Mahmud II abolished the corps in 1826.
Greek War of Independence (1821–1829 CE): Greek revolutionaries rose against Ottoman rule in 1821. With British, French and Russian intervention, Greece became an independent kingdom, recognised in 1830.
Nafplio (c. 1827 CE): Capital of First Hellenic Republic (1827–1832).
Tanzimat reforms (1839–1876 CE): The Edict of Gülhane opened a period of Ottoman reforms that modernized the army, law and administration and proclaimed the equality of subjects of all religions.
Schliemann excavates Troy (1871 CE): Heinrich Schliemann began excavations at Hisarlik, uncovering the multi-layered ruins widely identified with the Troy of Homer's Iliad.
Chania (c. 1898 CE): Capital of Cretan State (1898–1907).
Balkan Wars (1912–1913 CE): In 1912–1913 the Balkan League drove the Ottoman Empire out of most of its European lands, then fought among themselves over the spoils.
Gallipoli campaign (1915–1916 CE): Allied forces tried to seize the Dardanelles and Constantinople but were repulsed by Ottoman defenders, including Mustafa Kemal, after heavy losses on both sides.
End of the Ottoman Empire (1922 CE): The Ottoman sultanate was abolished in 1922 and the Republic of Turkey was proclaimed in Ankara in 1923; the caliphate was abolished in 1924.