Grand Principality of Moscow

State · 1294–1546 CE · at its largest around 1521 CE

Moscow grew from a minor wooden town into the heart of Russia as its princes collected tribute for the Mongols and the Orthodox church made it its seat. Ivan III ended Mongol overlordship and rebuilt the Kremlin with Italian architects, and Andrei Rublev painted his icons here.

On its lands while it lasted

Belozersk (c. 1294 CE): Capital of Principality of Beloozero (1294–1343).
Battle of Kulikovo (1380 CE): Grand Prince Dmitry Donskoy of Moscow defeated a Golden Horde army under Mamai, the first major Russian victory over the Horde.
Rublev’s Trinity (c. 1425 CE): Andrei Rublev painted the three angels who visited Abraham as an image of the Trinity, for the Trinity Lavra of St Sergius near Moscow. It is the most celebrated of all Russian icons.
Ivan III (1440 CE – 1505 CE): Grand Prince of Moscow who gathered the Russian lands, annexed Novgorod and ended the Golden Horde's overlordship.
Great Stand on the Ugra River (1480 CE): Standoff between Ivan III and Khan Akhmat that ended with the Horde's withdrawal, traditionally marking the end of Mongol rule over Russia.
Chimgi-Tura (c. 1490–1587 CE): Capital of Khanate of Sibir (1490–1587).
Ivan the Terrible (1530 CE – 1584 CE): Grand Prince of Moscow who in 1547 became the first to be crowned Tsar of all Russia. He conquered Kazan and Astrakhan and ruled through the terror of the oprichnina.
Yermak Timofeyevich (c. 1532 CE – 1585 CE): Cossack leader whose expedition against the Khanate of Sibir began the Russian conquest of Siberia.