House of Habsburg

State · 1260–1515 CE · at its largest around 1453 CE

Dynasty that rose when Rudolf I was elected King of the Romans in 1273 and took Austria; it went on to hold the imperial crown and rule vast lands across Europe.

On its lands while it lasted

Graz (c. 1260 CE): Capital of Duchy of Styria (1260–1501).
Florence (c. 1260 CE): Capital of Republic of Florence (1260–1569), Grand Duchy of Tuscany (1797–1848), Kingdom of Etruria (1803–1806), and 1 more.
Legnica (1264 CE): Capital of Duchy of Legnica (1279–1313).
Dante Alighieri (1265 CE – 1321 CE): Florentine poet whose Divine Comedy, written in the Tuscan vernacular, is a masterpiece of world literature and helped establish the Italian language.
Timisoara (1266 CE): Capital of Kingdom of Hungary (1315–1323).
Giotto (c. 1267 CE – 1337 CE): Florentine painter and architect whose naturalistic frescoes broke with Byzantine style and anticipated the Renaissance.
Giotto’s Scrovegni Chapel frescoes (1305 CE): Giotto covered the walls of a Padua chapel with the lives of the Virgin and Christ under a starry blue vault. His solid, feeling figures broke with Byzantine stiffness and began the road to the Renaissance.
Johannes Gutenberg (c. 1400 CE – 1468 CE): German goldsmith from Mainz who introduced printing with movable metal type to Europe.
Dome of Florence Cathedral (1436 CE): Brunelleschi's dome, completed in 1436, was the largest built since antiquity and a landmark of Renaissance architecture.
Printing press (c. 1440 CE): Gutenberg's press with movable metal type made mass production of books possible, transforming the spread of knowledge in Europe.
Leonardo da Vinci (1452 CE – 1519 CE): Italian Renaissance polymath born in Vinci, painter of the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper, whose notebooks record studies in anatomy, engineering and flight.
Gutenberg Bible (1455 CE): The first major book printed in Europe with movable metal type, completed by Johannes Gutenberg’s workshop in Mainz by 1455. About 180 copies were printed, and fewer than 50 survive.
Michelangelo (1475 CE – 1564 CE): Florentine sculptor, painter and architect of the High Renaissance. He carved the Pietà and David, painted the Sistine Chapel ceiling and the Last Judgement, and designed the dome of St Peter's.
The Last Supper (1495–1498 CE): Leonardo da Vinci's mural in the refectory of Santa Maria delle Grazie in Milan, depicting Jesus announcing that one of the apostles will betray him.
Mona Lisa (c. 1503 CE): Leonardo da Vinci began this portrait of Lisa Gherardini in Florence around 1503 and kept working on it for years. It hangs in the Louvre and is among the most famous paintings in the world.