Hyksos

State · 1,800–1,401 BCE · at its largest around 1,600 BCE

Rulers of West Asian origin who took control of northern Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period, governing from Avaris in the eastern Nile Delta.

On its lands while it lasted

• Tyre (2,750–501 BCE): Capital of Phoenicia (1150 BCE–501 BCE).
• Itjtawy (c. 2,000–1,782 BCE): Capital of Middle Kingdom of Egypt (2000 BCE–1782 BCE).
• Proto-Sinaitic script (c. 1,800 BCE): Inscriptions left by Semitic-speaking workers at the Egyptian turquoise mines of Serabit el-Khadim are among the earliest alphabetic writing, adapting hieroglyphs to represent sounds.
• Ahmose I expels the Hyksos (c. 1,550 BCE): Ahmose I of Thebes captured Avaris and drove out the Hyksos, reuniting Egypt and founding the Eighteenth Dynasty and the New Kingdom.
• Battle of Megiddo (c. 1457 BCE) (c. 1,457 BCE): Thutmose III defeated a coalition of Canaanite rulers led by the king of Kadesh; it is the first battle recorded in relative detail.

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