Jin

State · 750–405 BCE · at its largest around 450 BCE

Major Zhou-era state in present-day Shanxi and a leading power of the Spring and Autumn period, eventually partitioned among its ministerial families into Han, Zhao and Wei.

On its lands while it lasted

Spring and Autumn period (770–476 BCE): Era of the Eastern Zhou in which rival states jostled for hegemony, named after the chronicle of the state of Lu.
Tengzhou (c. 750 BCE): Capital of Teng (750 BCE–451 BCE).
Zhaoge (c. 750 BCE): Capital of Wey (750 BCE–248 BCE).
Confucius (551 BCE – 479 BCE): Philosopher and teacher from the state of Lu whose ideas on ethics, family and government became the foundation of Confucianism.
Warring States period (475–221 BCE): Era of intense warfare among seven major states, marked by bureaucratic reform, iron technology and flourishing philosophy, ended by Qin unification.
Mozi (c. 470 BCE – 391 BCE): Philosopher who founded Mohism, advocating impartial care, opposition to offensive war and meritocratic government.