Khazaria

State · 630–979 CE · at its largest around 763 CE

A Turkic khaganate on the lower Volga and Pontic steppe, notable for its ruling elite's conversion to Judaism. The Rus' prince Sviatoslav destroyed its power in the 960s.

On its lands while it lasted

• Uplistsikhe (2,001 BCE – 740 CE): Capital of Principality of Iberia (682–740).
• Nokalakevi (1,001 BCE – 700 CE): Capital of Lazica (63 BCE–545), Kingdom of Lazica (638–700).
• Chufut-Kale (500–1490 CE): Capital of Crimean Khanate (1450–1490).
• Kars (c. 886 CE): Capital of Bagratid Armenia (886–1045).
• Ani (c. 886–1319 CE): Capital of Bagratid Armenia (886–1045).
• Shirakavan (c. 886–1045 CE): Capital of Bagratid Armenia (886–1045).
• Ardanuç (c. 888 CE): Capital of Kingdom of the Iberians (888–999).
• Oltu (c. 888 CE): Capital of Kingdom of the Iberians (888–999).
• Vedeno (940 CE): Capital of Caucasian Imamate (1828–1858).

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