Kimek-Kipchak confederation

State · 750–1235 CE · at its largest around 1085 CE

Herders and horsemen of the Irtysh and Kazakh steppes, the Kimeks and Kipchaks traded furs and horses with Muslim Central Asia. Their Kipchak descendants, known in Europe as Cumans, spread west to the Danube, and their speech lives on in Kazakh, Tatar and Kyrgyz.

On its lands while it lasted

Bolghar Gord (c. 674–1235 CE): Capital of Volga Bulgaria (674–1235).
Battle of Talas (751 CE): Abbasid forces defeated a Tang Chinese army near the Talas River, ending Tang expansion westward into Central Asia.
Kara-Khanid Khanate (c. 840–1212 CE): Turkic dynasty that ruled Transoxiana and the Tian Shan region and was among the first Turkic states to adopt Islam.
Balasagun (c. 850–1218 CE): Capital of Kara-Khanids (850–1045), Eastern Kara-Khanids (1046–1138), Western Karakhanid Khanate (1046–1084), and 1 more.
Al-Farabi (c. 872 CE – 950 CE): Philosopher, probably born at Farab on the Syr Darya, known as the "Second Teacher" after Aristotle, who wrote on logic, political philosophy and music.
Ardanuç (c. 888 CE): Capital of Kingdom of the Iberians (888–999).
Ibn Fadlan’s journey to the Volga (921–922 CE): Ahmad ibn Fadlan travelled with an Abbasid embassy from Baghdad to the king of the Volga Bulgars. His account includes a famous description of the Rus.
Al-Biruni (c. 973 CE – 1050 CE): Scholar from Khwarazm who wrote on astronomy, mathematics and geography and produced a detailed study of India after travelling with Mahmud of Ghazni.
Vladimir (990 CE): Capital of Principality of Rostov-Suzdal (1125–1240), Principality of Vladimir-Suzdal (1294–1389).
Kazan (1005 CE): Capital of Khanate of Kazan (1440–1551).
Khwarazmian Empire (1077–1231 CE): Turko-Persian empire centred on Gurganj in Khwarazm that dominated Central Asia and Iran before its destruction by the Mongols.
Ryazan (1095 CE): Capital of Principality of Ryazan (1097–1240), Ryazan (1453–1520).
Kasimov (1152 CE): Capital of Qasim Khanate (1453–1551).
Akhaltsikhe (1200 CE): Capital of Samtskhe-Saatabago (1468–1506).
Trabzon (c. 1206 CE): Capital of Empire of Trebizond (1206–1461).