Kingdom of Jerusalem

State · 1099–1293 CE · at its largest around 1126 CE

Crusader kingdom founded after the First Crusade captured Jerusalem in 1099; it lost the city to Saladin in 1187 and ended when Acre fell to the Mamluks in 1291.

Its battles, in Battle View

Battle of Hattin (1187 CE)

On its lands while it lasted

First Crusade (1096–1099 CE): Answering Pope Urban II’s call, armies of western knights marched to Constantinople, crossed Anatolia, took Antioch after a long siege and captured Jerusalem in July 1099, founding the crusader states.
Crusader capture of Jerusalem (1099 CE): Crusaders stormed Jerusalem, killing many of its Muslim and Jewish inhabitants, and established the Kingdom of Jerusalem.
Knights Templar (c. 1119–1312 CE): Hugues de Payens and fellow knights founded this military order in Jerusalem around 1119 to protect pilgrims, with headquarters on the Temple Mount. It grew rich and powerful until Pope Clement V dissolved it in 1312 under pressure from Philip IV of France.
Battle of Hattin (1187 CE): Saladin destroyed the army of the Kingdom of Jerusalem near Tiberias, leading to his recapture of Jerusalem later that year.
Third Crusade (1189–1192 CE): Led by Richard I of England, Philip II of France and Frederick Barbarossa, it retook Acre and much of the coast but failed to recover Jerusalem.
Teutonic Order (1190 CE): German crusaders founded the order as a field hospital at the siege of Acre in 1190, and it became a military order in 1198. It later conquered Prussia and ruled a state on the Baltic coast until 1525.
Battle of Ain Jalut (1260 CE): The Mamluks of Egypt under Qutuz and Baybars defeated a Mongol army in Galilee, halting the Mongol advance towards Egypt.
Fall of Acre (1291 CE): The Mamluk sultan al-Ashraf Khalil captured Acre, the last major crusader stronghold in the Holy Land, effectively ending the crusader states.