Kingdom of Numidia

State · 197–47 BCE · at its largest around 110 BCE

Berber kingdom in present-day Algeria, united by Masinissa as a Roman ally; it fought Rome under Jugurtha and was annexed after Juba I backed Pompey's side.

On its lands while it lasted

• Carthage (c. 814–146 BCE): Traditionally founded by Phoenician settlers from Tyre, Carthage grew into the capital of a maritime empire that dominated the western Mediterranean until Rome destroyed it.
• Punic Wars (264–146 BCE): Three wars between Rome and Carthage for control of the western Mediterranean ended with Rome's destruction of Carthage in 146 BCE.
• Hannibal (c. 247 BCE – 183 BCE): Carthaginian general who crossed the Alps with war elephants in the Second Punic War and inflicted major defeats on Rome, notably at Cannae in 216 BCE.

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