Later Jin Dynasty

State · 1619–1644 CE · at its largest around 1640 CE

Nurhaci united the Jurchen tribes of Manchuria, organised them into the famous Eight Banners and had a script created for their language from Mongolian letters. His son Hong Taiji renamed the people Manchu and the state Qing, which went on to rule China until 1912.

On its lands while it lasted

• Shuntian Fu (1403–1914 CE): Capital of Ming Dynasty (1421–1644), Qing Dynasty (1645–1911).
• Nurhaci (1559 CE – 1626 CE): Jurchen chieftain who unified the Jurchen tribes, created the Eight Banners and founded the Later Jin.
• Shenyang (c. 1625 CE): Capital of Later Jin Dynasty (1625–1636).
• Qing dynasty (1636–1912 CE): Hong Taiji proclaimed the Qing dynasty at Mukden; the Manchu dynasty ruled China from 1644 until 1912.
• Ulaanbaatar (1639 CE): Capital of Mongolian People's Republic (1926–1991), Mongolia (1992–today).

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