Li Zicheng

State · 1632–1644 CE · at its largest around 1642 CE

The rebel regime of Li Zicheng, a peasant leader who proclaimed the Shun dynasty and captured Beijing in 1644, bringing down the Ming before being driven out by the Manchus and Wu Sangui.

On its lands while it lasted

• Imperial examination system (605–1905 CE): The Sui formalised civil service examinations for selecting officials, a system that lasted until its abolition in 1905.
• Hanlin Academy (738–1911 CE): Emperor Xuanzong of Tang founded the Hanlin Academy in Chang’an as a body of scholars who drafted imperial documents. Under later dynasties it became an elite institution of top examination graduates, lasting until 1911.

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