Lydia

State · 700–541 BCE · at its largest around 600 BCE

Iron Age kingdom of western Anatolia ruled from Sardis, credited with early coinage, whose last king Croesus was defeated by Cyrus the Great.

On its lands while it lasted

Pergamon (801 BCE – 62 CE): Capital of Kingdom of Pontus (281 BCE–62), Kingdom of Pergamon (279 BCE–133 BCE).
Konya (700 BCE): Capital of Sultanate of Rum (1098–1307), Beylik of Karaman (1305–1467).
Sardis (c. 700–546 BCE): Capital of Lydia (700 BCE–546 BCE).
Aigai (c. 675–292 BCE): Capital of Macedonian Empire (675 BCE–292 BCE).
Byzantium (c. 667 BCE – c. 329 CE): Greek colony founded by settlers from Megara on the Bosporus; it was refounded by Constantine as Constantinople in 330 CE.
First coins in Lydia (c. 620 BCE): Lydia in western Anatolia issued some of the earliest known coins, made of electrum; later King Croesus introduced coins of pure gold and silver.
Temple of Artemis (c. 550 BCE): The great temple of Artemis at Ephesus, rebuilt in marble around 550 BCE with support from King Croesus, was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.