Mamluk Sultanate

State · 1241–1518 CE · at its largest around 1516 CE

Sultanate ruled from Cairo by a caste of former slave soldiers, which halted the Mongols at Ain Jalut in 1260 and expelled the crusaders before the Ottoman conquest in 1517.

Its battles, in Battle View

Battle of Ain Jalut (1260 CE)

On its lands while it lasted

Ecbatana (c. 550 BCE – c. 1800 CE): Capital of Achaemenid Empire (550 BCE–330 BCE).
Palmyra (c. 261–1929 CE): Capital of Palmyrene Empire (261–269).
Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258 CE): The Abbasid dynasty, descended from Muhammad's uncle, took the caliphate from the Umayyads and ruled from Iraq, presiding over the Islamic Golden Age.
Knights Templar (c. 1119–1312 CE): Hugues de Payens and fellow knights founded this military order in Jerusalem around 1119 to protect pilgrims, with headquarters on the Temple Mount. It grew rich and powerful until Pope Clement V dissolved it in 1312 under pressure from Philip IV of France.
Baybars (c. 1223 CE – 1277 CE): A Kipchak-born Mamluk sultan of Egypt and Syria who fought the Mongols at Ain Jalut and captured many crusader strongholds.
Mamluk Sultanate (1250–1517 CE): Mamluk slave-soldiers seized power in Egypt, founding a sultanate that ruled Egypt and Syria until the Ottoman conquest.
Mongol sack of Baghdad (1258 CE): Mongol forces under Hulagu Khan captured and sacked Baghdad, killing the last Abbasid caliph in Baghdad and ending the Abbasid Caliphate there.
Battle of Ain Jalut (1260 CE): The Mamluks of Egypt under Qutuz and Baybars defeated a Mongol army in Galilee, halting the Mongol advance towards Egypt.
Karaman (c. 1305 CE): Capital of Beylik of Karaman (1305–1467).
Mansa Musa’s pilgrimage to Mecca (1324–1325 CE): Mansa Musa of Mali made the hajj with a vast retinue, and his lavish spending of gold in Cairo was said to have depressed its value there for years, spreading Mali’s fame to Europe and the Middle East.
Ibn Battuta’s travels: Maghreb, Arabia and East Africa (1325–1332 CE): The Moroccan scholar Ibn Battuta left Tangier on the hajj in 1325, visited Egypt, Syria, Mecca and Iraq, then sailed down the East African coast to Kilwa and back via Oman and the Persian Gulf. His Rihla records some 30 years of travel.
Antalya Province (c. 1326 CE): Capital of Beylik of Teke (1326–1423).
Kahramanmaras (c. 1344 CE): Capital of Beylik of Dulkadir (1344–1515).
Manama (1345 CE): Capital of Kingdom of Bahrain (1973–today).
Coffee drinking in Yemen (c. 1450 CE): The earliest credible evidence of coffee drinking comes from Sufi circles in Yemen in the 15th century; the port of Mocha became the centre of the coffee trade.