Middle Kingdom of Egypt

State · 2,000–1,601 BCE · at its largest around 1,800 BCE

Reunified Egypt under the 11th and 12th dynasties, a period of strong kingship, classical literature and expansion into Nubia, ending in renewed fragmentation.

On its lands while it lasted

• Thebes (3,200–801 BCE): Capital of Middle Kingdom of Egypt (2000 BCE–1782 BCE), New Kingdom of Egypt (1500 BCE–801 BCE).
• Itjtawy (c. 2,000–1,782 BCE): Capital of Middle Kingdom of Egypt (2000 BCE–1782 BCE).
• Karnak temple complex (c. 1,971 BCE): A vast temple complex at Thebes dedicated chiefly to the god Amun, begun in the Middle Kingdom under Senusret I and expanded by pharaohs for some two thousand years.
• Proto-Sinaitic script (c. 1,800 BCE): Inscriptions left by Semitic-speaking workers at the Egyptian turquoise mines of Serabit el-Khadim are among the earliest alphabetic writing, adapting hieroglyphs to represent sounds.

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