Muhammad Ali dynasty

State · 1805–1865 CE · at its largest around 1840 CE

Albanian-born Ottoman officer Muhammad Ali set out to make Egypt a modern power, with cotton plantations, factories, a conscript army and students sent to study in Paris. His heirs began the Suez Canal, tying Egypt's fate to European finance.

On its lands while it lasted

• Palmyra (c. 261–1929 CE): Capital of Palmyrene Empire (261–269).
• Muhammad Ali of Egypt (1769 CE – 1849 CE): An Ottoman Albanian commander who became governor of Egypt in 1805 and launched sweeping military and economic modernization; his dynasty ruled Egypt until 1952.
• Ha'il (c. 1836 CE): Capital of Emirate of Jabal Shammar (1836–1921).
• Bahai Faith founded (1863 CE): Bahau'lláh, a follower of the Báb, announced in Baghdad that he was the messenger foretold by the Báb, an event regarded as the founding of the Bahai Faith.

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