Nabataeans

State · 164 BCE – 105 CE · at its largest around 126 BCE

Arab kingdom with its capital at Petra, which controlled caravan routes through Arabia and the Levant until annexed by Trajan in 106 CE.

On its lands while it lasted

Incense Route (c. 700 BCE – c. 200 CE): Camel caravans carried frankincense and myrrh from southern Arabia north along the Red Sea hinterland through Nabataean Petra to Gaza on the Mediterranean.
Maccabean Revolt (167–160 BCE): Jewish rebels led by the Maccabees revolted against the Seleucid Empire and rededicated the Temple in Jerusalem, an event commemorated by Hanukkah.
Herod the Great (c. 72 BCE – 4 BCE): Roman client king of Judea who carried out vast building projects, including the rebuilding of the Temple in Jerusalem, Masada and Caesarea Maritima.
Crucifixion of Jesus (c. 30 CE): Jesus was executed by the Roman authorities in Jerusalem; belief in his resurrection became the central tenet of the Christian faith.
Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE) (70 CE): Roman forces under Titus captured Jerusalem and destroyed the Second Temple, a defining event in Jewish history.
Siege of Masada (c. 73 CE): Roman legions besieged the Jewish rebel stronghold of Masada; according to Josephus its defenders chose mass suicide rather than capture.