Ottoman Tripolitania

State · 1840–1911 CE · at its largest around 1859 CE

The Ottoman province centred on Tripoli in present-day Libya, placed under direct Ottoman rule after the Karamanlis until Italy invaded in 1911.

On its lands while it lasted

Muhammad Ali of Egypt (1769 CE – 1849 CE): An Ottoman Albanian commander who became governor of Egypt in 1805 and launched sweeping military and economic modernization; his dynasty ruled Egypt until 1952.
Al Bayda (1840 CE): Capital of Kingdom of Libya (1953–1968).
Heinrich Barth’s expedition to Central Africa (1850–1855 CE): Joining a British expedition that left Tripoli in 1850, the German scholar Heinrich Barth spent five years crossing the Sahara and travelling through Bornu, the Sokoto Caliphate and Timbuktu, recording their history, languages and peoples.
Suez Canal route (1869 CE): The Suez Canal, opened in 1869, linked the Mediterranean and the Red Sea, letting ships sail between Europe and Asia without rounding Africa and cutting the London–Bombay voyage by thousands of kilometres.
Battle of Tel el-Kebir (1882 CE): British forces defeated the Egyptian army of Ahmed Urabi, beginning the British occupation of Egypt.
Siege of Khartoum (1884–1885 CE): Forces of the Mahdi besieged Khartoum and took it in January 1885, killing its governor, the British general Charles Gordon.
David Ben-Gurion (1886 CE – 1973 CE): Zionist leader who proclaimed the State of Israel in 1948 and served as its first prime minister.
Djibouti (1888 CE): Capital of Republic of Djibouti (1979–today).
Omdurman (c. 1890 CE): Capital of Mahdist State (1890–1899).
Battle of Adwa (1896 CE): Ethiopian forces under Emperor Menelik II decisively defeated an Italian army on 1 March 1896, securing Ethiopia's independence during the Scramble for Africa.
Asmara (1897 CE): Capital of State of Eritrea (1993–today).
N'Djamena (1900 CE): Capital of Republic of Chad (1961–today).
Tel Aviv (1909 CE): Founded by Jewish residents on the outskirts of Jaffa, Tel Aviv grew into Israel's economic and cultural centre.
Italo-Turkish War (1911–1912 CE): Italy seized Tripolitania and Cyrenaica from the Ottoman Empire; the war saw the first use of aircraft for bombing.
Naguib Mahfouz (1911 CE – 2006 CE): Egyptian novelist known for the Cairo Trilogy, the first Arabic-language writer to win the Nobel Prize in Literature, in 1988.