Portuguese Republic

State · 1911–1925 CE · at its largest around 1916 CE

Portugal's First Republic, established after the revolution of 1910 overthrew the monarchy. Marked by chronic political instability and frequent changes of government, it was ended by a military coup in 1926.

On its lands while it lasted

Kingdom of Kongo (c. 1390–1914 CE): Central African kingdom with its capital at Mbanza Kongo; after Portuguese contact in 1483 its rulers adopted Christianity, and it later became deeply entangled in the Atlantic slave trade.
Qing dynasty (1636–1912 CE): Hong Taiji proclaimed the Qing dynasty at Mukden; the Manchu dynasty ruled China from 1644 until 1912.
British Raj (1858–1947 CE): After the 1857 rebellion the British Crown took direct rule of India from the East India Company, governing until independence in 1947.
Rabindranath Tagore (1861 CE – 1941 CE): Bengali poet, writer and composer, in 1913 the first non-European to win the Nobel Prize in Literature.
Sun Yat-sen (1866 CE – 1925 CE): Revolutionary leader and first provisional president of the Republic of China, honoured as the "Father of the Nation".
Mahatma Gandhi (1869 CE – 1948 CE): Leader of the Indian independence movement who developed nonviolent mass civil disobedience (satyagraha).
Muhammad Ali Jinnah (1876 CE – 1948 CE): Leader of the All-India Muslim League and founder of Pakistan, its first Governor-General.
Scramble for Africa (1881–1914 CE): Invasion, occupation and partition of almost all of Africa by European powers between the 1880s and 1914, formalised in part at the Berlin Conference of 1884–85.
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1881 CE – 1938 CE): Founder and first president of the Republic of Turkey, who led the War of Independence and carried out sweeping secularizing and westernizing reforms.
Chiang Kai-shek (1887 CE – 1975 CE): Nationalist leader of the Republic of China who led it against Japan and, after 1949, ruled on Taiwan.
Ho Chi Minh (1890 CE – 1969 CE): Vietnamese revolutionary who led the Viet Minh independence movement, declared the Democratic Republic of Vietnam in 1945 and led North Vietnam until his death.
Mao Zedong (1893 CE – 1976 CE): Communist revolutionary who founded the People's Republic of China and led it until his death.
1911 Revolution (1911–1912 CE): Revolution that overthrew the Qing dynasty and established the Republic of China, ending over two thousand years of imperial rule.
Nelson Mandela (1918 CE – 2013 CE): Anti-apartheid leader imprisoned for 27 years who became South Africa's first Black president in 1994 and shared the 1993 Nobel Peace Prize.
HIV/AIDS pandemic (c. 1920 CE): Genetic studies trace the pandemic strain of HIV-1 to Kinshasa around the 1920s; AIDS was identified in 1981 and has killed tens of millions of people, with sub-Saharan Africa most affected.