Qajar Dynasty

State · 1788–1923 CE · at its largest around 1895 CE

A Turkic dynasty that ruled Iran from Tehran, losing its Caucasian territories to Russia and facing the Constitutional Revolution before the Pahlavis replaced it.

On its lands while it lasted

Mughal Empire founded (1526–1857 CE): Empire founded by Babur that at its height ruled most of the Indian subcontinent, famed for its wealth, administration and architecture.
Manila galleon (western Pacific) (1565–1815 CE): For 250 years Spanish galleons sailed once or twice a year between Manila and Acapulco, exchanging Mexican silver for Chinese silk and porcelain; westbound ships called at Guam, and eastbound ships rode the westerlies across the North Pacific.
Maratha Empire (1674–1818 CE): Maratha state founded by Shivaji's coronation in 1674, which became the dominant power in India in the 18th century before defeat by the British.
Eruption of Mount Tambora (1815 CE): The most powerful volcanic eruption in recorded history, on Sumbawa in April 1815; it killed tens of thousands and caused the 'Year Without a Summer' in 1816.
Founding of modern Singapore (1819 CE): Stamford Raffles established a British trading post at Singapore in 1819, which grew into a major free port.
First Opium War (1839–1842 CE): Britain defeated Qing China in a war over trade and the opium traffic, beginning China's "century of humiliation".
Taiping Rebellion (1850–1864 CE): Civil war led by Hong Xiuquan's Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, based at Nanjing; one of the deadliest conflicts in history.
Indian Rebellion of 1857 (1857–1858 CE): Uprising that began with a mutiny of sepoys at Meerut and spread across northern India, leading to the end of East India Company rule.
British Raj (1858–1947 CE): After the 1857 rebellion the British Crown took direct rule of India from the East India Company, governing until independence in 1947.
José Rizal (1861 CE – 1896 CE): Filipino writer and reformer whose novels exposed Spanish colonial abuses; his execution in Manila in 1896 fuelled the Philippine Revolution.
Meiji Restoration (1868 CE): Imperial rule was restored under Emperor Meiji, launching Japan's rapid modernisation.
Mahatma Gandhi (1869 CE – 1948 CE): Leader of the Indian independence movement who developed nonviolent mass civil disobedience (satyagraha).
Eruption of Krakatoa (1883 CE): Catastrophic eruption in the Sunda Strait in August 1883 whose tsunamis killed more than 36,000 people; its explosion was heard thousands of kilometres away.
Ho Chi Minh (1890 CE – 1969 CE): Vietnamese revolutionary who led the Viet Minh independence movement, declared the Democratic Republic of Vietnam in 1945 and led North Vietnam until his death.
1911 Revolution (1911–1912 CE): Revolution that overthrew the Qing dynasty and established the Republic of China, ending over two thousand years of imperial rule.