Rattanakosin Kingdom

State · 1783–1931 CE · at its largest around 1885 CE

The Siamese kingdom founded by Rama I of the Chakri dynasty with Bangkok as its capital, which remained independent throughout the colonial era.

On its lands while it lasted

Kangar (c. 1842 CE): Capital of Kedah-Perlis District (1842–1910).
Chulalongkorn (1853 CE – 1910 CE): King Rama V of Siam, who modernised the state, abolished slavery and preserved Siamese independence amid British and French colonial expansion.
Saigon (1862–1976 CE): Capital of French Indochina (1887–1954).
French Indochina (1887–1954 CE): Federation of French colonial territories in Vietnam, Cambodia and later Laos, formed in 1887 and dissolved after the First Indochina War.
Ho Chi Minh (1890 CE – 1969 CE): Vietnamese revolutionary who led the Viet Minh independence movement, declared the Democratic Republic of Vietnam in 1945 and led North Vietnam until his death.
Pol Pot (1925 CE – 1998 CE): Leader of the Khmer Rouge and of Democratic Kampuchea from 1975 to 1979, whose regime was responsible for the Cambodian genocide.