Republic of Pisa

State · 1010–1401 CE · at its largest around 1227 CE

Maritime republic in Tuscany that became a major Mediterranean trading power; it declined after its fleet's defeat by Genoa at Meloria in 1284 and was later conquered by Florence.

On its lands while it lasted

• Pisa (c. 1010 CE): Capital of Republic of Pisa (1010–1401).
• Fibonacci (c. 1170 CE – 1250 CE): Mathematician from Pisa who introduced Hindu–Arabic numerals to Europe; the Fibonacci sequence is named after him.
• Leaning Tower of Pisa (1173 CE): Bell tower of Pisa Cathedral, begun in 1173, which started to lean while still being built; one of the Seven Wonders of the Middle Ages.
• Liber Abaci (1202 CE): Book by Fibonacci that taught Hindu–Arabic numerals and their use in commerce, helping replace Roman numerals in Europe.
• Eyeglasses (c. 1286 CE): Spectacles for reading were invented in northern Italy, probably in Pisa, around 1286.

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