Republic of Sudan

State · 1956–2026 CE · at its largest around 1992 CE

Where the Blue and White Nile meet at Khartoum, Sudan bridges Arab and African worlds and holds more ancient pyramids than Egypt. Since independence it has lived through coups, Islamist rule, the atrocities in Darfur and the long war that ended in South Sudan's secession.

On its lands while it lasted

• Khartoum (c. 1956 CE): Capital of Republic of Sudan (1956–today).
• War in Darfur (2003–2020 CE): Rebels in Darfur rose against the Sudanese government, which responded with allied Janjaweed militias; hundreds of thousands died and millions were displaced.
• Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (2011 CE): Hydroelectric dam on the Blue Nile begun in 2011, the largest in Africa; it has been a source of dispute with Egypt and Sudan.
• Independence of South Sudan (2011 CE): South Sudan became independent from Sudan on 9 July 2011 after a referendum, becoming Africa's newest country.
• Sudanese civil war (2023 CE): Fighting broke out between the Sudanese Armed Forces and the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces, causing mass casualties and one of the world's largest displacement crises.

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