Rouran Khaganate
State · 402–554 CE · at its largest around 407 CE
A loose confederation of steppe nomads, the Rouran were the first to call their supreme ruler khagan, a title later borne by Turks and Mongols. They traded and fought with the Northern Wei, and their fall to their own ironworking vassals, the Türks, reshaped Eurasia.
On its lands while it lasted
- Stirrup (Feng Sufu tomb) (415 CE): The tomb of the Northern Yan official Feng Sufu, dated 415, contains the oldest surviving pair of metal-covered stirrups.
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