Scythia

State · 650–224 BCE · at its largest around 650 BCE

Lands of the Iranian-speaking nomadic Scythians on the Pontic steppe north of the Black Sea, famed as horse archers and for their rich burial mounds.

On its lands while it lasted

• Panticapaeum (601 BCE – 370 CE): Capital of Cimmerian Bosporus (404 BCE–370).
• Scythian gold pectoral (c. 350 BCE): Gold neck ornament decorated with scenes of Scythian life and animal combat, found in 1971 in the Tovsta Mohyla burial mound in southern Ukraine; now in the Museum of Historical Treasures of Ukraine, Kyiv.

More on Wikipedia.