Song

State · 750–285 BCE · at its largest around 350 BCE

Zhou-era state in eastern Henan with its capital at Shangqiu, founded for descendants of the Shang royal house and destroyed by Qi in 286 BCE.

On its lands while it lasted

Spring and Autumn period (770–476 BCE): Era of the Eastern Zhou in which rival states jostled for hegemony, named after the chronicle of the state of Lu.
Tengzhou (c. 750 BCE): Capital of Teng (750 BCE–451 BCE).
Confucius (551 BCE – 479 BCE): Philosopher and teacher from the state of Lu whose ideas on ethics, family and government became the foundation of Confucianism.
Mozi (c. 470 BCE – 391 BCE): Philosopher who founded Mohism, advocating impartial care, opposition to offensive war and meritocratic government.
Mencius (c. 372 BCE – 289 BCE): Confucian philosopher who argued that human nature is inherently good; revered as the "Second Sage" after Confucius.