Southern Ming

State · 1645–1682 CE · at its largest around 1645 CE

The Ming loyalist regimes that continued to resist the Qing in southern China after the fall of Beijing in 1644, under a series of claimants until the last was executed in 1662.

On its lands while it lasted

• Tea Horse Road (c. 1000–1950 CE): Mountain trails over which porters and mule caravans carried brick tea from Sichuan and Yunnan to Tibet, exchanged for Tibetan horses, for roughly a thousand years.
• Lan Xang (1353–1707 CE): Lao kingdom founded by Fa Ngum in 1353, with its early capital at Luang Prabang; it split into rival kingdoms from 1707.
• Porcelain Tower of Nanjing (1412–1856 CE): Nine-storey pagoda faced with white porcelain bricks, built under the Yongle Emperor; one of the Seven Wonders of the Middle Ages, destroyed in the Taiping Rebellion.
• Portuguese settlement of Macau (c. 1557–1999 CE): Ming authorities allowed Portuguese traders to settle at Macau, which became Europe's longest-held outpost in East Asia.
• Koxinga (1624 CE – 1662 CE): Ming loyalist commander who expelled the Dutch from Taiwan and founded the Kingdom of Tungning.

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