Sultanate of Rum

State · 1094–1313 CE · at its largest around 1094 CE

Seljuk Turkish sultanate in Anatolia with its capital at Konya, which flourished in the early thirteenth century before becoming a Mongol vassal after Köse Dag in 1243.

On its lands while it lasted

Iznik (c. 1094 CE): Capital of Sultanate of Rum (1094–1307), Nicaean Empire (1206–1261).
Nicaea (c. 1094–1261 CE): Capital of Sultanate of Rum (1094–1098), Nicaean Empire (1206–1261).
Tarsus (c. 1099 CE): Capital of Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia (1099–1374).
Fourth Crusade (1202–1204 CE): Crusaders transported by Venice sacked the Christian city of Zara, then diverted to Constantinople, which they stormed and plundered in April 1204, founding the Latin Empire.
Sack of Constantinople (1204) (1204 CE): Armies of the Fourth Crusade sacked Constantinople and set up a Latin Empire, permanently weakening Byzantium.
Rumi (1207 CE – 1273 CE): A Persian poet, jurist and Sufi mystic who lived in Konya; his Masnavi is among the most celebrated works of Persian poetry, and his followers founded the Mevlevi order.
Founding of the Ottoman state (c. 1299 CE): Osman I, leader of a Turkish principality in northwestern Anatolia, founded the dynasty whose state grew into the Ottoman Empire, which lasted until 1922.
Kütahya (c. 1305 CE): Capital of Germiyanids (1305–1429).
Balikesir (c. 1305 CE): Capital of Beylik of Karasi (1305–1343).
Karaman (c. 1305 CE): Capital of Beylik of Karaman (1305–1467).
Sogut (c. 1305 CE): Capital of Ottoman Empire (1305–1329).
Beysehir (c. 1305 CE): Capital of Eshrefids (1305–1325).
Selçuk (c. 1305 CE): Capital of Beylik of Aydin (1305–1426).
Uluborlu (c. 1305 CE): Capital of Beylik of Hamid (1305–1343).
Kastamonu (c. 1309 CE): Capital of Beylik of Sinop (1309–1332), Beylik of Isfendiyar (1309–1398).