Tibet

State · 1363–1952 CE · at its largest around 1700 CE

The Tibetan plateau under a succession of native regimes, including the Phagmodrupa and Tsangpa rulers and later the Ganden Phodrang government of the Dalai Lamas, at times under Mongol or Qing influence.

On its lands while it lasted

Tea Horse Road (c. 1000–1950 CE): Mountain trails over which porters and mule caravans carried brick tea from Sichuan and Yunnan to Tibet, exchanged for Tibetan horses, for roughly a thousand years.
Title of Dalai Lama created (1578 CE): The Mongol ruler Altan Khan gave the title Dalai Lama to Sonam Gyatso, head of the Gelug school.
Potala Palace (1645 CE): Palace of the Dalai Lamas in Lhasa, begun in 1645 on the site of an earlier royal residence.
Paro Taktsang (1692 CE): Buddhist monastery built in 1692 on a cliff above the Paro valley in Bhutan, known as the Tiger's Nest.
Unification of Nepal (1768 CE): Prithvi Narayan Shah of Gorkha conquered the Kathmandu Valley in 1768, creating the Kingdom of Nepal.
British expedition to Tibet (1903–1904 CE): British Indian forces invaded Tibet, fighting at Gyantse before reaching Lhasa.
14th Dalai Lama (born 1935 CE): Tenzin Gyatso, spiritual leader of Tibetan Buddhism, in exile since 1959; Nobel Peace Prize 1989.
Thimphu (c. 1949 CE): Capital of Kingdom of Bhutan (1949–today).
Battle of Chamdo (1950 CE): People's Liberation Army forces defeated the Tibetan army at Chamdo, leading to Chinese control of Tibet.