Tümed

State · 1547–1699 CE · at its largest around 1552 CE

Mongols south of the Gobi led by Altan Khan, who raided and traded with Ming China and founded the city of Hohhot. His meeting with the Tibetan lama Sonam Gyatso, whom he named Dalai Lama, began the conversion of the Mongols to Tibetan Buddhism.

On its lands while it lasted

Imperial examination system (605–1905 CE): The Sui formalised civil service examinations for selecting officials, a system that lasted until its abolition in 1905.
Hanlin Academy (738–1911 CE): Emperor Xuanzong of Tang founded the Hanlin Academy in Chang’an as a body of scholars who drafted imperial documents. Under later dynasties it became an elite institution of top examination graduates, lasting until 1911.
Shaanxi earthquake (1556 CE): The deadliest earthquake on record, killing an estimated 830,000 people, many of whom lived in loess cave dwellings.
Title of Dalai Lama created (1578 CE): The Mongol ruler Altan Khan gave the title Dalai Lama to Sonam Gyatso, head of the Gelug school.
Yining (c. 1634 CE): Capital of Dzungar Khanate (1634–1756).
Ulaanbaatar (1639 CE): Capital of Mongolian People's Republic (1926–1991), Mongolia (1992–today).
Dzungar–Qing Wars (1687–1757 CE): Wars between the Qing and the Dzungar Khanate ending with the Dzungars' destruction and Qing control of Xinjiang.