Türgesh

State · 692–749 CE · at its largest around 724 CE

Turkic horsemen of the Seven Rivers country, they grew rich on Silk Road trade through Suyab and minted their own coins with Sogdian inscriptions. Under their khagan Suluk they were the fiercest obstacle to the Arab Muslim advance into Central Asia.

On its lands while it lasted

Sogdians (c. 500 BCE – c. 900 CE): Iranian people of the Zeravshan valley around Samarkand and Bukhara whose merchants dominated trade along the Silk Roads, especially between the 4th and 8th centuries.
Silk Road (c. 130 BCE – c. 1450 CE): A network of overland caravan routes linking China with Central Asia, Persia and the Mediterranean, along which silk, spices, horses, religions, technologies and diseases travelled for more than 1,500 years.
Suyab (c. 555–749 CE): Capital of Göktürk Khaganate (555–586), Türgesh (704–749).
Ordu-Baliq (c. 587–840 CE): Capital of Eastern Göktürks (587–632), Western Göktürks (587–657), Uyghur Khaganate (750–840).
Muslim conquest of Transoxiana (673–751 CE): Arab campaigns that brought Bukhara, Samarkand and the lands beyond the Oxus under Umayyad and then Abbasid rule.
Orkhon inscriptions (732 CE): Memorial steles to the Turkic prince Kul Tigin and ruler Bilge Khagan, the oldest known texts in a Turkic language.