Uyghur Khaganate

State · 750–849 CE · at its largest around 763 CE

Steppe horsemen who grew rich selling horses to Tang China for silk, the Uyghurs built a walled capital at Ordu-Baliq and made Manichaeism their state religion. After its fall, refugees founded Uyghur kingdoms in Turfan and Gansu.

On its lands while it lasted

• Ordu-Baliq (c. 587–840 CE): Capital of Eastern Göktürks (587–632), Western Göktürks (587–657), Uyghur Khaganate (750–840).
• Battle of Talas (751 CE): Abbasid forces defeated a Tang Chinese army near the Talas River, ending Tang expansion westward into Central Asia.
• Kara-Khanid Khanate (c. 840–1212 CE): Turkic dynasty that ruled Transoxiana and the Tian Shan region and was among the first Turkic states to adopt Islam.

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