Weimar Republic

State · 1920–1935 CE · at its largest around 1932 CE

Germany's first parliamentary democracy, founded after the abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II and named after the city where its constitution was drafted. It suffered hyperinflation and depression before Hitler's appointment as chancellor in 1933.

On its lands while it lasted

Königsberg (1255–1945 CE): Capital of Duchy of Prussia (1526–1618), Brandenburg-Prussia (1619–1701).
Sigmund Freud (1856 CE – 1939 CE): Austrian neurologist in Vienna who founded psychoanalysis. His The Interpretation of Dreams appeared in 1899. He fled the Nazis to London in 1938.
Max Planck (1858 CE – 1947 CE): German theoretical physicist in Berlin whose 1900 hypothesis that energy is emitted in discrete quanta founded quantum theory. He won the 1918 Nobel Prize in Physics.
Dessau (c. 1863–2007 CE): Capital of Duchy of Anhalt (1863–1870).
Albert Einstein (1879 CE – 1955 CE): German-born theoretical physicist who developed the special and general theories of relativity and explained the photoelectric effect, for which he won the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics.
Franz Kafka (1883 CE – 1924 CE): German-speaking Jewish writer from Prague whose unsettling works, such as The Metamorphosis and The Trial, influenced modern literature.
Adolf Hitler (1889 CE – 1945 CE): Austrian-born dictator of Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1945. He started World War II in Europe and bears chief responsibility for the Holocaust. He died by suicide in Berlin.
Werner Heisenberg (1901 CE – 1976 CE): German physicist who created matrix mechanics in 1925, formulated the uncertainty principle in 1927 and won the 1932 Nobel Prize in Physics. He was a leading scientist in Germany’s wartime nuclear programme.
Bauhaus (1919–1933 CE): Walter Gropius founded this German art and design school in Weimar in 1919; it moved to Dessau and Berlin before closing under Nazi pressure in 1933. It shaped modernist design worldwide.
Battle of Warsaw (1920) (1920 CE): In August 1920 Polish forces under Józef Pilsudski defeated the Red Army outside Warsaw, turning the Polish–Soviet War and halting the westward spread of the revolution.
Interpol (1923 CE): Founded in Vienna in 1923 as the International Criminal Police Commission, the organisation helps police forces of its member countries cooperate across borders. Its headquarters has been in Lyon since 1989.
Nazi seizure of power (1933 CE): Adolf Hitler was appointed Chancellor of Germany on 30 January 1933. Within months the Nazis had abolished democracy and established a one-party dictatorship.