Xiongnu

State · 208 BCE – 153 CE · at its largest around 144 BCE

The Xiongnu were mounted nomads whose mastery of horse archery made them the terror of Han China, forcing tribute and royal marriages. The Great Wall and the Silk Road both owe something to China's struggle with them, and some link them to the later Huns.

On its lands while it lasted

Saka (c. 700 BCE – c. 100 CE): Iranian-speaking nomadic peoples of the Eurasian steppe, related to the Scythians, who later migrated into Bactria and north-western India.
Pyongyang (c. 197 BCE): Capital of Gojoseon (197 BCE–108 BCE), Goguryeo (427–668), Democratic People's Republic of Korea (1948–today), and 1 more.
Jade burial suit of Liu Sheng (c. 113 BCE): Burial suit of some 2,500 jade plaques sewn with gold wire, made for the Han prince Liu Sheng and found in his rock-cut tomb at Mancheng in 1968; now in the Hebei Museum.
Han conquest of Gojoseon (109–108 BCE): Emperor Wu of Han conquered the Korean kingdom of Wiman Joseon and set up commanderies including Lelang.
Silla (c. 57 BCE – c. 935 CE): Kingdom with its capital at Gyeongju, traditionally founded in 57 BCE, that unified most of Korea in the 7th century.
Goguryeo (c. 37 BCE – c. 668 CE): Kingdom traditionally founded by Jumong in 37 BCE that grew to rule northern Korea and Manchuria.
Jolbon (c. 36 BCE): Capital of Goguryeo (36 BCE–3).
Baekje (c. 18 BCE – c. 660 CE): Kingdom in southwestern Korea, traditionally founded in 18 BCE, a conduit of culture and Buddhism to Japan.
Gungnae (c. 3–427 CE): Capital of Goguryeo (3–427).