Xionites

State · 387–401 CE · at its largest around 387 CE

Central Asian nomadic people, the Chionites, who fought the Sasanians and then served Shapur II, notably at the siege of Amida in 359.

On its lands while it lasted

Sogdians (c. 500 BCE – c. 900 CE): Iranian people of the Zeravshan valley around Samarkand and Bukhara whose merchants dominated trade along the Silk Roads, especially between the 4th and 8th centuries.
Silk Road (c. 130 BCE – c. 1450 CE): A network of overland caravan routes linking China with Central Asia, Persia and the Mediterranean, along which silk, spices, horses, religions, technologies and diseases travelled for more than 1,500 years.
Turkistan (401 CE): Capital of Kazakh Khanate (1599–1729).