Parma

City · c. 1815 CE · in Europe

Capital of Duchy of Parma and Piacenza (1815–1859).

Related

• Piacenza (c. 1815 CE): Capital of Duchy of Parma and Piacenza (1815–1859).
• Modena (c. 1815 CE): Capital of Duchy of Modena and Reggio (1815–1859).
• Wiesbaden (c. 1816 CE): Capital of Duchy of Nassau (1816–1865).
• Banjul (1816 CE): Capital of Republic of The Gambia (1967–today).
• Montgomery (1817 CE): Capital of Confederate States of America (1861–1861).
• Kailua-Kona (c. 1812 CE): Capital of Kingdom of Hawaï'i (1812–1820).
• Grozny (1818 CE): Capital of Chechen Republic (1993–2005).
• Bagé (1811 CE): Capital of Riograndense Republic (1836–1845).
• Meiningen (c. 1820 CE): Capital of Saxe-Meiningen (1820–1870).
• Sankt Wendel (c. 1820 CE): Capital of Principality of Lichtenberg (1820–1827).

Around the same time and place

• Industrial Revolution (c. 1760–1840 CE): The shift from hand production to machines, factories and steam power that began in Britain around 1760, centred on textile towns such as Manchester. It spread to Europe and North America and transformed work, cities and the world economy.
• Napoleon (1769 CE – 1821 CE): Corsican-born general who seized power in France in 1799 and crowned himself Emperor in 1804. He conquered much of Europe before his defeat in 1815 and died in exile on Saint Helena.
• Watt steam engine (1769 CE): James Watt patented his separate condenser in 1769, greatly improving the steam engine's efficiency. Built with Matthew Boulton in Birmingham from 1775, it powered the Industrial Revolution.
• Storming of the Bastille (1789 CE): On 14 July 1789 a Paris crowd seized the Bastille fortress-prison. The event became the symbol of the French Revolution, which overthrew the absolute monarchy.
• Battle of Waterloo (1815 CE): On 18 June 1815 Wellington's Anglo-allied army and Blücher's Prussians defeated Napoleon near Waterloo in present-day Belgium, ending the Napoleonic Wars.
• On the Origin of Species (1859 CE): Charles Darwin, working at Down House in Kent, published his theory of evolution by natural selection in 1859. It founded modern evolutionary biology.
• Voltaire (1694 CE – 1778 CE): French Enlightenment writer and philosopher, author of Candide, famous for his wit and his attacks on religious intolerance and censorship.
• Edward Jenner (1749 CE – 1823 CE): English country doctor in Berkeley, Gloucestershire, who in 1796 showed that inoculation with cowpox protected against smallpox, pioneering vaccination.

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