Palmyra

City · c. 261–1929 CE · in Europe

Capital of Palmyrene Empire (261–269).

Cologne (c. 261 CE): Capital of Gallic Empire (261–274).
Washim (c. 260 CE): Capital of Vakataka Kingdom (260–500).
Jeju (c. 263 CE): Capital of Tamna (263–1278).
Al-Hirah (c. 270–602 CE): Capital of Lakhmid Kingdom (270–602).
Kanchipuram (c. 283 CE): Capital of Late Pallava Empire (283–805).
Luoyang (c. 224 CE): Capital of Cao Wei (224–264), Western Jin (266–420), Eastern Wei (534–550), and 1 more.
San Marino (301 CE): Capital of Republic of San Marino (1797–1799).
Linfen (c. 306 CE): Capital of Former Zhao (306–329).
Ezhou (c. 207 CE): Capital of Eastern Wu (207–229).
Vijaya (c. 207 CE): Capital of Chámpa (207–1652).

Around the same time and place

Cyrus the Great (c. 600 BCE – 530 BCE): Founder of the Achaemenid Persian Empire, which he expanded from Anatolia to Central Asia by conquering Media, Lydia and Babylon.
Athenian democracy (508 BCE): The reforms of Cleisthenes in 508/507 BCE created a system in which male citizens voted directly on laws, the earliest well-documented democracy.
Socrates (c. 470 BCE – 399 BCE): Athenian philosopher who examined ethics through questioning dialogue; he was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock in 399 BCE.
Parthenon (447 BCE): Temple of Athena on the Athenian Acropolis, built 447–432 BCE under Pericles; the supreme monument of classical Greek architecture.
Aristotle (384 BCE – 322 BCE): Philosopher and polymath, student of Plato and tutor of Alexander the Great, who founded the Lyceum and wrote on logic, biology, ethics and politics.
Campaigns of Alexander the Great (334–323 BCE): Alexander of Macedon crossed into Asia in 334 BCE, defeated Darius III at Issus and Gaugamela, conquered Egypt and the Persian Empire, and campaigned as far as the Indus valley before dying in Babylon in 323 BCE.
Cleopatra (69 BCE – 30 BCE): The last active ruler of Ptolemaic Egypt, she allied with Julius Caesar and Mark Antony; her death after defeat by Octavian ended the dynasty and Egypt became a Roman province.
Jesus (c. 4 BCE – 30 CE): A Jewish preacher from Galilee whose teachings and crucifixion in Jerusalem under Pontius Pilate became the foundation of Christianity.