Panticapaeum

City · 601 BCE – 370 CE · in Europe

Capital of Cimmerian Bosporus (404 BCE–370).

Related

• Tripoli (602 BCE): Capital of Ottoman Tripolitania (1864–1911), Kingdom of Libya (1953–1968), State of Libya (2014–today).
• Ujjain (c. 600 BCE – c. 405 CE): Capital of Janapada of Avanti (600 BCE–405 BCE), Western Satraps (43–405).
• Mathura (c. 600 BCE): Capital of Janapada of Surasena (600 BCE–405 BCE).
• Milan (600 BCE): Capital of Duchy of Milan (1402–1539), Ambrosian Republic (1450–1450), Cisalpine Republic (1797–1799).
• Varanasi (c. 600 BCE): Capital of Janapada of Kasi (600 BCE–451 BCE).
• Kushinagar (c. 600 BCE): Capital of Janapada of Malla (600 BCE–451 BCE).
• Kausambi (c. 600 BCE): Capital of Janapada of Vatsa (600 BCE–451 BCE).
• Vaishali (c. 600–481 BCE): Capital of Janapada of Vajji (600 BCE–481 BCE).
• Shravasti (c. 600–501 BCE): Capital of Janapada of Kosala (600 BCE–501 BCE).
• Rajgir (c. 600 BCE): Capital of Janapada of Magadha (600 BCE–501 BCE), Magadha - Shaishunaga dynasty (404 BCE–345 BCE).

Around the same time and place

• Phoenician alphabet (c. 1,050 BCE): The Phoenicians developed a 22-letter consonantal alphabet that spread through Mediterranean trade and became the ancestor of the Greek, Latin, Hebrew and Arabic scripts.
• Iliad (c. 750 BCE): Epic poem attributed to Homer about the Trojan War, generally dated to the 8th century BCE; with the Odyssey, a foundational work of Western literature.
• Athenian democracy (508 BCE): The reforms of Cleisthenes in 508/507 BCE created a system in which male citizens voted directly on laws, the earliest well-documented democracy.
• Socrates (c. 470 BCE – 399 BCE): Athenian philosopher who examined ethics through questioning dialogue; he was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock in 399 BCE.
• Parthenon (447 BCE): Temple of Athena on the Athenian Acropolis, built 447–432 BCE under Pericles; the supreme monument of classical Greek architecture.
• Aristotle (384 BCE – 322 BCE): Philosopher and polymath, student of Plato and tutor of Alexander the Great, who founded the Lyceum and wrote on logic, biology, ethics and politics.
• Alexander the Great (356 BCE – 323 BCE): King of Macedon who conquered the Persian Empire and reached India, spreading Greek culture across the Near East before dying in Babylon at 32.
• Campaigns of Alexander the Great (334–323 BCE): Alexander of Macedon crossed into Asia in 334 BCE, defeated Darius III at Issus and Gaugamela, conquered Egypt and the Persian Empire, and campaigned as far as the Indus valley before dying in Babylon in 323 BCE.

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