Pondicherry

City · c. 1673 CE · in South Asia

Capital of French India (1673–1847).

Raigad Fort (c. 1677 CE): Capital of Maratha Empire (1677–1818).
Kumasi (1680 CE): Capital of Ashanti Empire (1702–1897).
Kartasura (c. 1680 CE): Capital of Mataram Sultanate (1680–1743).
São Borja (1682 CE): Capital of Riograndense Republic (1836–1845).
Bissau (1687 CE): Capital of Republic of Guinea-Bissau (1974–today).
Wetzlar (c. 1689 CE): Capital of Holy Roman Empire (1689–1806), Holy Roman Empire Minor States (1689–1806).
Kingston (1692 CE): Capital of Jamaica (1963–today).
Nassau (1695 CE): Capital of Commonwealth of The Bahamas (1973–today).
St. George's (1650 CE): Capital of Grenada (1976–today).
Castries (1650 CE): Capital of Saint Lucia (1979–today).

Around the same time and place

Vijayanagara Empire (1336–1646 CE): South Indian empire founded by Harihara I and Bukka Raya I in 1336, a major patron of Hindu culture and temple architecture.
Aurangzeb (1618 CE – 1707 CE): Sixth Mughal emperor under whom the empire reached its greatest extent; his long Deccan wars strained its resources.
Shivaji (1630 CE – 1680 CE): Founder of the Maratha state who fought the Bijapur Sultanate and the Mughals and was crowned Chhatrapati at Raigad in 1674.
Maratha Empire (1674–1818 CE): Maratha state founded by Shivaji's coronation in 1674, which became the dominant power in India in the 18th century before defeat by the British.
Calcutta (Kolkata) (1690 CE): English East India Company trading post established in 1690 that became the capital of British India until 1911.
Madras (Chennai) (1639 CE): The English East India Company acquired land in 1639 and built Fort St George, around which the city of Madras grew.
Arcot (c. 1713 CE): Capital of Carnatic Sultanate (1713–1768).
Vallabhi (c. 476–1948 CE): Capital of Maitraka Dynasty (476–731).