Assur

City · 2,500–609 BCE · in Europe

Capital of Assyria (1800 BCE–901 BCE), Neo-Assyrian Empire (900 BCE–609 BCE).

Related

• Tyre (2,750–501 BCE): Capital of Phoenicia (1150 BCE–501 BCE).
• Babylon (2,201 BCE – 1 CE): Capital of Babylonia (1800 BCE–601 BCE), Neo-Babylonian Empire (600 BCE–539 BCE), Achaemenid Empire (550 BCE–330 BCE).
• Damascus (2,001 BCE): Capital of Umayyad Caliphate (661–744), Zengid dynasty (1139–1250), French Mandate for Syria and Lebanon (1923–1945), and 4 more.
• Uplistsikhe (2,001 BCE – 740 CE): Capital of Principality of Iberia (682–740).
• Kozan (3,000 BCE): Capital of Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia (1099–1374).
• Itjtawy (c. 2,000–1,782 BCE): Capital of Middle Kingdom of Egypt (2000 BCE–1782 BCE).
• Carchemish (1,901–901 BCE): Capital of Assyria (1800 BCE–901 BCE).
• Thebes (3,200–801 BCE): Capital of Middle Kingdom of Egypt (2000 BCE–1782 BCE), New Kingdom of Egypt (1500 BCE–801 BCE).
• Harran (c. 1,800 BCE): Capital of Assyria (1800 BCE–901 BCE), Umayyad Caliphate (744–750).
• Nimrud (c. 1,800–612 BCE): Capital of Assyria (1800 BCE–901 BCE).

Around the same time and place

• Cuneiform writing (c. 3,200 BCE): Scribes in Sumer, notably at Uruk, developed one of the world's first writing systems, which evolved from pictographic accounting tablets into wedge-shaped signs pressed into clay.
• First writing at Uruk (c. 3,200 BCE): Clay tablets from Uruk recorded goods and labour with signs drawn in clay, the earliest known true writing system and ancestor of cuneiform.
• Great Pyramid of Giza (c. 2,560 BCE): Built for the Fourth Dynasty pharaoh Khufu, it was the tallest human-made structure for about 3,800 years and is the only Wonder of the Ancient World still standing.
• Epic of Gilgamesh (c. 2,100 BCE): An epic about Gilgamesh, king of Uruk, whose earliest Sumerian episodes date to around the Third Dynasty of Ur; it is among the oldest surviving great works of literature.
• Code of Hammurabi (c. 1,754 BCE): A Babylonian legal text of 282 laws inscribed on a basalt stele, known for its principle of proportional retribution; the stele was found at Susa in 1901.
• Phoenician alphabet (c. 1,050 BCE): The Phoenicians developed a 22-letter consonantal alphabet that spread through Mediterranean trade and became the ancestor of the Greek, Latin, Hebrew and Arabic scripts.
• Cyrus the Great (c. 600 BCE – 530 BCE): Founder of the Achaemenid Persian Empire, which he expanded from Anatolia to Central Asia by conquering Media, Lydia and Babylon.
• Campaigns of Alexander the Great (334–323 BCE): Alexander of Macedon crossed into Asia in 334 BCE, defeated Darius III at Issus and Gaugamela, conquered Egypt and the Persian Empire, and campaigned as far as the Indus valley before dying in Babylon in 323 BCE.

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