Kozan

City · 3,000 BCE · in Europe

Capital of Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia (1099–1374).

Thebes (3,200–801 BCE): Capital of Middle Kingdom of Egypt (2000 BCE–1782 BCE), New Kingdom of Egypt (1500 BCE–801 BCE).
Tyre (2,750–501 BCE): Capital of Phoenicia (1150 BCE–501 BCE).
Assur (2,500–609 BCE): Capital of Assyria (1800 BCE–901 BCE), Neo-Assyrian Empire (900 BCE–609 BCE).
Babylon (2,201 BCE – 1 CE): Capital of Babylonia (1800 BCE–601 BCE), Neo-Babylonian Empire (600 BCE–539 BCE), Achaemenid Empire (550 BCE–330 BCE).
Damascus (2,001 BCE): Capital of Umayyad Caliphate (661–744), Zengid dynasty (1139–1250), French Mandate for Syria and Lebanon (1923–1945), and 4 more.
Uplistsikhe (2,001 BCE – 740 CE): Capital of Principality of Iberia (682–740).
Anshan Persia (4,000 BCE – 675 CE): Capital of Elam (2700 BCE–601 BCE).
Itjtawy (c. 2,000–1,782 BCE): Capital of Middle Kingdom of Egypt (2000 BCE–1782 BCE).
Jerusalem (4,001 BCE): Capital of Kingdom of Israel (1000 BCE–930 BCE), Kingdom of Judah (900 BCE–701 BCE), Kingdom of Jerusalem (1099–1291), and 1 more.
Carchemish (1,901–901 BCE): Capital of Assyria (1800 BCE–901 BCE).

Around the same time and place

Eridu (c. 5,400–600 BCE): Regarded by the Sumerians as the first city; its temple to the god Enki was rebuilt many times from the Ubaid period onward.
Uruk (c. 5,000 BCE – c. 700 CE): Sumerian city on the Euphrates that by about 3100 BCE was probably the largest city in the world, centre of the first urban civilization.
Naqada culture (c. 4,000–3,000 BCE): Predynastic culture of Upper Egypt whose chiefdoms grew into the kingdom that unified Egypt around 3100 BCE.
Minoan civilization (c. 3,000–1,100 BCE): Bronze Age civilization centred on Crete, known for palace complexes such as Knossos, vivid frescoes and the undeciphered Linear A script.
Cucuteni–Trypillia culture (c. 5,500–2,750 BCE): Chalcolithic culture of Romania, Moldova and Ukraine known for painted pottery and huge settlements of up to 10,000–15,000 people.
Yamnaya culture (c. 3,300–2,600 BCE): Mobile pastoralists of the Pontic–Caspian steppe who used wagons and buried their dead in kurgans; widely linked to the spread of Indo-European languages.
Warka Vase (c. 3,000 BCE): Carved alabaster vessel from the temple complex of Inanna at Uruk, showing a procession of offerings to the goddess; one of the earliest surviving works of narrative relief. Looted from the Iraq Museum in 2003 and later returned.
Maikop culture (c. 3,700–3,000 BCE): Early Bronze Age culture of the North Caucasus with rich kurgan burials holding gold, silver and arsenical bronze objects.