Jerusalem

City · 4,001 BCE · in the Middle East

Capital of Kingdom of Israel (1000 BCE–930 BCE), Kingdom of Judah (900 BCE–701 BCE), Kingdom of Jerusalem (1099–1291), and 1 more.

Anshan Persia (4,000 BCE – 675 CE): Capital of Elam (2700 BCE–601 BCE).
Thebes (3,200–801 BCE): Capital of Middle Kingdom of Egypt (2000 BCE–1782 BCE), New Kingdom of Egypt (1500 BCE–801 BCE).
Aleppo (5,001 BCE): Capital of Hamdanid Emirates (936–1004), Zengid dynasty (1139–1250), French Mandate for Syria and Lebanon (1923–1923).
Kozan (3,000 BCE): Capital of Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia (1099–1374).
Tyre (2,750–501 BCE): Capital of Phoenicia (1150 BCE–501 BCE).
Assur (2,500–609 BCE): Capital of Assyria (1800 BCE–901 BCE), Neo-Assyrian Empire (900 BCE–609 BCE).
Babylon (2,201 BCE – 1 CE): Capital of Babylonia (1800 BCE–601 BCE), Neo-Babylonian Empire (600 BCE–539 BCE), Achaemenid Empire (550 BCE–330 BCE).
Adana (6,001 BCE): Capital of Ramadanid Emirate (1385–1515).
Damascus (2,001 BCE): Capital of Umayyad Caliphate (661–744), Zengid dynasty (1139–1250), French Mandate for Syria and Lebanon (1923–1945), and 4 more.
Uplistsikhe (2,001 BCE – 740 CE): Capital of Principality of Iberia (682–740).

Around the same time and place

Eridu (c. 5,400–600 BCE): Regarded by the Sumerians as the first city; its temple to the god Enki was rebuilt many times from the Ubaid period onward.
Uruk (c. 5,000 BCE – c. 700 CE): Sumerian city on the Euphrates that by about 3100 BCE was probably the largest city in the world, centre of the first urban civilization.
Naqada culture (c. 4,000–3,000 BCE): Predynastic culture of Upper Egypt whose chiefdoms grew into the kingdom that unified Egypt around 3100 BCE.
Uruk period (c. 4,000–3,100 BCE): Period of rapid urbanization in Mesopotamia with the first cities, monumental temples, mass-produced pottery, cylinder seals and the invention of writing.
Ubaid period (c. 6,500–3,800 BCE): Prehistoric period of southern Mesopotamia with irrigated farming, large villages, temples and painted pottery that spread across the Near East.
Badarian culture (c. 4,400–4,000 BCE): Earliest known farming culture of Upper Egypt, with fine thin-walled pottery and cemeteries with grave goods.